Operando XRD, in situ SEM, and first-principles simulations uncover the complex mechanism underlying the continuous and stable deposition in the Ag–C anode and complex interplay of the selective diffusion and deposition enabled by a nuanced balance of diffusivity and Li adsorption energy among constituent nanoparticles.
Abstract
The Ag–C composite anodes facilitate stable Li
x
Ag deposition in solid-state batteries. However, the role of carbon and the kinetics of lithium migration and deposition in the composite structure remain unclear. Few studies have focused on this critical research area owing to a shortage of effective, non-destructive characterization methods that can directly observe the Li alloy deposition process in solid-state batteries in real time. In this study, Li alloy formation on the Ag–C anode is investigated through operando X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and scanning electron microscopy combined with in situ probing. This enables the observation of the composition and morphology of the Li
x
Ag alloy as it evolves within the Ag–C composite anode during discharge. Further insights from scanning transmission electron microscopy–electron energy loss spectroscopy and first-principles simulations on lithiophilicity and the energy barrier for lithium migration reveal a complex lithium migration and deposition mechanism within the Ag–C anode.
Advanced Science, Volume 12, Issue 13, April 3, 2025. Read More
