This paper summarizes the latest applications and potential mechanisms of the rare earth element gadolinium in biomedical fields, in addition to its traditional application as an MRI contrast agent, including osteogenesis, antimicrobial, antitumor, bioimaging, bioprobes, and so on. This review not only gives us a better understanding the application status of gadolinium in biomedical fields, but also provides some insights for the future application of gadolinium-containing biomaterials in biomedical fields.
Abstract
The potential applications of rare earth elements (REEs) in biomedical fields have been intensively investigated. Numerous studies have shown that doping biomaterials with REEs can enhance their properties. Gadolinium (Gd) is a biocompatible REE that holds promise in biomedical applications. This review examines the use of Gd-doped biomaterials in osteogenic, antimicrobial, anticancer applications, and in bioimaging and bioprobes, as reported in the literature until December 2024. The included studies demonstrate that Gd-containing biomaterials promote osteogenesis, enhance antimicrobial properties, and perform well in anticancer applications and bioimaging. Taken together, they point to the considerable potential of Gd-doped biomaterials and thus to avenues for future research.
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